Ujian praktek TIK
Sukarno
Sukarno | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1949 | |
| 1st President of Indonesia | |
| In office 18 August 1945 – 12 March 1967 | |
| Prime Minister | Sutan Sjahrir Amir Sjarifuddin Mohammad Hatta Abdul Halim Muhammad Natsir Soekiman Wirjosandjojo Wilopo Ali Sastroamidjojo Burhanuddin Harahap Djuanda Kartawidjaja |
| Vice President | Mohammad Hatta (1945–1956) |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Suharto |
| President of the United States of Indonesia | |
| In office 17 December 1949 – 17 August 1950 | |
| Vice President | Mohammad Hatta |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| 11th Prime Minister of Indonesia | |
| In office 9 July 1959 – 25 July 1966 | |
| President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Djuanda Kartawidjaja |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kusno Sosrodihardjo 6 June 1901 Soerabaja, Dutch East Indies[1] |
| Died | 21 June 1970 (aged 69) Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Cause of death | Kidney failure |
| Resting place | Bung Karno's Grave Blitar, East Java, Indonesia 8°05′05″S 112°10′34″E |
| Political party | Indonesian National Party (1927–1931; 1945) |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Spouse(s) | Oetari (m. 1921; div. 1922)Inggit Garnasih (m. 1923; div. 1942)Hartini (m. 1953)Kartini Manoppo (m. 1959; div. 1968)Haryati (m. 1963; div. 1966)Yurike Sanger (m. 1964; div. 1967)Heldy Djafar (m. 1966; sep. 1967) |
| Children | show From Inggit show With Fatmawati show With Hartini show With Ratna show With Haryati show With Kartini |
| Parents |
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| Alma mater | Bandung Institute of Technology |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Years of service | 1945—1967 |
| Rank | Supreme Commander |
| Commands | Indonesian National Armed Forces(As the Supreme Commander) |
| Battles/wars | Indonesian National Revolution Darul Islam Rebellion West New Guinea dispute Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 |
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|---|---|---|
Name[edit] |
The spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe", but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so still spelled his signature with "oe".[11] Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta, still uses the Dutch spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno").[12] Like many Javanese people, he had only one name.[13]
The name was derived from the character in the Mahabharata Hindu epic, Karna.[14] He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as "Achmad Sukarno", or some variation thereof. The fictitious first name may have been added by Western journalists confused over someone with just a single name, or by Indonesian supporters of independence to attract support from Muslim countries.[13][15] Source from Ministry of Foreign Affairs later revealed, "Achmad" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arabian states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Department of Foreign Affairs, to establish Soekarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name was "not Muslim enough". After adopting the name "Achmad," Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno. Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East, Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmad Soekarno."[16][17]
Early life[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Early life[edit]
The son of a Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, and his Hindu Balinese wife from the Brahmin varna named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng, Sukarno was born in Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java.[18] He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo.[19] Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness.
Education[edit]
After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto. Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch type higher level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto, a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam. In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study civil engineering (with a focus on architecture) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "ir.", a Dutch type engineer's degree) in 1926. During his study in Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih, the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as a student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati.
Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese, Balinese and Indonesian, and was especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German, English, French, Arabic, and Japanese, all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind.[20]
In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism, which he considered "backward" and to blame for the fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" (exploitation de l'homme par l'homme). He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians, Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for the capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music; he had Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist.[21]
Architectural career[edit]
Sukarno & Anwari firm[edit]
After graduation in 1926, Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established the architectural firm Sukarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker. Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing the Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument (Tugu Muda) in Semarang; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan.
Early independence struggle[edit]
Sukarno was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European, American, Nationalist, communist, and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism, named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organising a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub, in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students.
Involvement in the Indonesian National Party[edit]
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On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established a pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia, and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish a united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Java could then gain its independence with Japan's aid. Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early 1920s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of 1926, the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among the new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism.[22]
Arrest, trial, and imprisonment[edit]
Arrest and trial[edit]
PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police (Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst/PID). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in a series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta. During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat (Indonesia Accuses).
Sentence and imprisonment[edit]
In December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His speech, however, received extensive coverage by the press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both Netherlands and Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia.
However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by the Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Soetan Sjahrir, two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to the uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored the fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force (machtsvorming en machtsaanwending).[22]
During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno. He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat. While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by the Dutch PID. In mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia"). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933.
TERJEMAHAN:
Soekarno
Soekarno | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Presiden Indonesia ke-1 | |
| Masa jabatan 18 Agustus 1945 – 12 Maret 1967 | |
| Perdana Menteri | tampil Daftar |
| Wakil Presiden | Mohammad Hatta (1945–1956) |
| Pendahulu | Tidak ada, jabatan baru |
| Pengganti | Soeharto |
| Perdana Menteri Indonesia ke-11 | |
| Masa jabatan 9 Juli 1959 – 25 Juli 1966 | |
| Pendahulu | Djuanda Kartawidjaja |
| Pengganti | Soeharto (Ketua Presidium Kabinet) |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | Koesno Sosrodihardjo 6 Juni 1901 Soerabaja, Hindia Belanda[1] |
| Meninggal | 21 Juni 1970 (umur 69) Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Kebangsaan | Indonesia |
| Partai politik | Partai Nasional Indonesia (1927–1931) |
| Suami/istri | Oetari (1921–1923) Inggit Garnasih (1923–1943) Fatmawati (1943–1956) Hartini (1953–1970) Kartini Manoppo (1959–1968) Ratna Sari Dewi (1962–1970) Haryati (1963–1966) Yurike Sanger (1964–1968) Heldy Djafar (1966–1969) |
| Anak | tampil Dari Inggit tampil Dari Fatmawati tampil Dari Hartini tampil Dari Ratna tampil Dari Haryati tampil Dari Kartini Manoppo |
| Orang tua | |
| Profesi | Insinyur Politikus Guru |
| Tanda tangan |  |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Soekarno lahir dengan nama Kusno yang diberikan oleh orangtuanya.[6] Akan tetapi, karena ia sering sakit maka ketika berumur sebelas tahun namanya diubah menjadi Soekarno oleh ayahnya.[6][8] Nama tersebut diambil dari seorang panglima perang dalam kisah Bharata Yudha yaitu Karna.[6][8] Nama "Karna" menjadi "Karno" karena dalam bahasa Jawa huruf "a" berubah menjadi "o" sedangkan awalan "su" memiliki arti "baik".[8]
Di kemudian hari ketika menjadi presiden, ejaan nama Soekarno diganti olehnya sendiri menjadi Sukarno karena menurutnya nama tersebut menggunakan ejaan penjajah (Belanda).[8] Ia tetap menggunakan nama Soekarno dalam tanda tangannya karena tanda tangan tersebut adalah tanda tangan yang tercantum dalam Teks Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang tidak boleh diubah, selain itu tidak mudah untuk mengubah tanda tangan setelah berumur 50 tahun.[8] Sebutan akrab untuk Soekarno adalah Bung Karno.
Achmed Soekarno
Di beberapa negara Barat, nama Soekarno kadang-kadang ditulis Achmed Soekarno. Hal ini terjadi karena ketika Soekarno pertama kali berkunjung ke Amerika Serikat, sejumlah wartawan bertanya-tanya, "Siapa nama kecil Soekarno?"[9] karena mereka tidak mengerti kebiasaan sebagian penamaan di Indonesia, terutama nama Jawa, yang hanya menggunakan satu nama saja atau tidak memiliki nama keluarga.
Soekarno menyebutkan bahwa nama Achmed didapatnya ketika menunaikan ibadah haji.[10] Dalam beberapa versi lain, disebutkan pemberian nama Achmed di depan nama Soekarno, dilakukan oleh para diplomat muslim asal Indonesia yang sedang melakukan misi luar negeri dalam upaya untuk mendapatkan pengakuan kedaulatan negara Indonesia oleh negara-negara Arab.
Dalam buku Bung Karno: Penyambung Lidah Rakyat Indonesia[11] dijelaskan bahwa namanya hanya "Sukarno" saja, karena dalam masyarakat Indonesia bukan hal yang tidak biasa memiliki nama yang terdiri satu kata.
Kehidupan
Masa kecil dan remaja
Soekarno dilahirkan dengan seorang ayah yang bernama Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo dan ibunya yaitu Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai.[6] Keduanya bertemu ketika Raden Soekemi yang merupakan seorang guru ditempatkan di Sekolah Dasar Pribumi di Singaraja, Bali.[6] Nyoman Rai merupakan keturunan bangsawan dari Bali dan beragama Hindu, sedangkan Raden Soekemi sendiri beragama Islam.[6] Mereka telah memiliki seorang putri yang bernama Sukarmini sebelum Soekarno lahir.[12] Ketika kecil Soekarno tinggal bersama kakeknya, Raden Hardjokromo di Tulung Agung, Jawa Timur.[6]
Ia bersekolah pertama kali di Tulung Agung hingga akhirnya ia pindah ke Mojokerto, mengikuti orangtuanya yang ditugaskan di kota tersebut.[6] Di Mojokerto, ayahnya memasukkan Soekarno ke Eerste Inlandse School, sekolah tempat ia bekerja.[12] Kemudian pada Juni 1911 Soekarno dipindahkan ke Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) untuk memudahkannya diterima di Hogere Burger School (HBS).[6] Pada tahun 1915, Soekarno telah menyelesaikan pendidikannya di ELS dan berhasil melanjutkan ke HBS di Surabaya, Jawa Timur.[6] Ia dapat diterima di HBS atas bantuan seorang kawan bapaknya yang bernama H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto.[6] Tjokroaminoto bahkan memberi tempat tinggal bagi Soekarno di pondokan kediamannya.[6] Di Surabaya, Soekarno banyak bertemu dengan para pemimpin Sarekat Islam, organisasi yang dipimpin Tjokroaminoto saat itu, seperti Alimin, Musso, Darsono, Haji Agus Salim, dan Abdul Muis.[6] Soekarno kemudian aktif dalam kegiatan organisasi pemuda Tri Koro Dharmo yang dibentuk sebagai organisasi dari Budi Utomo.[6] Nama organisasi tersebut kemudian ia ganti menjadi Jong Java (Pemuda Jawa) pada 1918.[6] Selain itu, Soekarno juga aktif menulis di harian "Oetoesan Hindia" yang dipimpin oleh Tjokroaminoto.[12]
Tamat HBS Soerabaja bulan Juli 1921,[13] bersama Djoko Asmo rekan satu angkatan di HBS, Soekarno melanjutkan ke Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (sekarang ITB) di Bandung dengan mengambil jurusan teknik sipil pada tahun 1921,[2] setelah dua bulan dia meninggalkan kuliah, tetapi pada tahun 1922 mendaftar kembali[2] dan tamat pada tahun 1926.[14] Soekarno dinyatakan lulus ujian insinyur pada tanggal 25 Mei 1926 dan pada Dies Natalis ke-6 TH Bandung tanggal 3 Juli 1926 dia diwisuda bersama delapan belas insinyur lainnya.[2] Prof. Jacob Clay selaku ketua fakultas pada saat itu menyatakan "Terutama penting peristiwa itu bagi kita karena ada di antaranya 3 orang insinyur orang Jawa".[2] Mereka adalah Soekarno, Anwari, dan Soetedjo,[15] selain itu ada seorang lagi dari Minahasa yaitu Johannes Alexander Henricus Ondang.[15]
Saat di Bandung, Soekarno tinggal di kediaman Haji Sanusi yang merupakan anggota Sarekat Islam dan sahabat karib Tjokroaminoto.[6] Di sana ia berinteraksi dengan Ki Hajar Dewantara, Tjipto Mangunkusumo, dan Dr. Douwes Dekker, yang saat itu merupakan pemimpin organisasi National Indische Partij.
Sebagai arsitek
Bung Karno adalah presiden pertama Indonesia yang juga dikenal sebagai arsitek alumni dari Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (sekarang ITB) di Bandung dengan mengambil jurusan teknik sipil dan tamat pada tahun 1926. [note 3][note 4][16]
Pekerjaan
- Ir. Soekarno pada tahun 1926 mendirikan biro insinyur bersama Ir. Anwari, banyak mengerjakan rancang bangun bangunan. Selanjutnya bersama Ir. Rooseno juga merancang dan membangun rumah-rumah dan jenis bangunan lainnya.
- Ketika dibuang di Bengkulu menyempatkan merancang beberapa rumah dan merenovasi total masjid Jami' di tengah kota.[17]
Pengaruh terhadap karya arsitektur
Semasa menjabat sebagai presiden, ada beberapa karya arsitektur yang dipengaruhi atau dicetuskan oleh Soekarno. Juga perjalanan secara maraton dari bulan Mei sampai Juli pada tahun 1956 ke negara-negara Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Italia, Jerman Barat, dan Swiss. Membuat cakrawala alam pikir Soekarno semakin kaya dalam menata Indonesia secara holistik dan menampilkannya sebagai negara yang baru merdeka.[18]
Soekarno membidik Jakarta sebagai wajah (muka) Indonesia terkait beberapa kegiatan berskala internasional yang diadakan di kota itu, namun juga merencanakan sebuah kota sejak awal yang diharapkan sebagai pusat pemerintahan pada masa datang. Beberapa karya dipengaruhi oleh Soekarno atau atas perintah dan koordinasinya dengan beberapa arsitek seperti Frederich Silaban dan R.M. Soedarsono, dibantu beberapa arsitek junior untuk visualisasi. Beberapa desain arsitektural juga dibuat melalui sayembara.[19]
- Masjid Istiqlal (1951)
- Monumen Nasional (1960)
- Gedung Conefo[19]
- Gedung Sarinah[19]
- Wisma Nusantara[19]
- Hotel Indonesia (1962)[20]
- Tugu Selamat Datang[20]
- Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat[20]
- Patung Dirgantara[20]
- Tahun 1955 Ir. Soekarno menunaikan ibadah haji ke Tanah Suci dan sebagai seorang arsitek, Soekarno tergerak memberikan sumbangan ide arsitektural kepada pemerintah Arab Saudi agar membuat bangunan untuk melakukan sa’i menjadi dua jalur dalam bangunan dua lantai. Pemerintah Arab Saudi akhirnya melakukan renovasi Masjidil Haram secara besar-besaran pada tahun 1966, termasuk pembuatan lantai bertingkat bagi umat yang melaksanakan sa’i menjadi dua jalur dan lantai bertingkat untuk melakukan tawaf [16]
- Rancangan skema Tata Ruang Kota Palangkaraya yang diresmikan pada tahun 1957 [16]
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